Zero-liquid discharge and brine concentrate minimization

Energy efficient and cost-effective technologies that can minimize or eliminate the liquid portion of brine concentrate and can therefore enable the treatment and potential use of different types of wastewater. Ideally technologies should recover water or even solids from these waste streams and create additional benefits to offset costs and enable additional water reuse and resource recovery. All technologies should consider their lifecycle impacts including energy efficiency, greenhouse gas emissions, use of chemicals, and waste generation. Technologies would ideally demonstrate that zero-liquid discharge and brine minimization can be accomplished cost-effectively without shifting the burden of pollution management to landfills and other solid-waste management facilities.